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主谓一致是一个很重要的语法项目,其主要包括三方面:主语一致、意义一致、就近原则。其中有些很重要的问题要注意。
一、语法一致原则(主语一致)
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是单数形式,动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,动词用复数形式:
1、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:
The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
注意:如果这类名词前用了a pair of等量词,则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如:Here are some new pairs of shoes.
My new pair of socks is on the bed.
3、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:
Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:
Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)
4、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:
A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)
A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
5、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:
Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
6、主语中含有half of… / three quarters of… / all (of) the …等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:
Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)
All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
二、就近原则
有时,谓语动词的数决定于主语中最靠近它的词语:
1、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:
There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
2、由连词not……but……, or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主语一致。
Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)
Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
三、意义一致原则
有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概念,而不是其语法形式:
1、时间、距离、金钱、重量等作主语时,看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。
Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离)。(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
2、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:
There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)
There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
3、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:
The teacher and writer is coming(同一个人) .
The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)
4、有些名词虽以“s”结尾,但谓语用单数。如news, physics, maths, politics等
The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、不定代词由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时,也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词,谓语动词用复数;如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。
6、分数(百分数)+of +名词做主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词的数。 但要注意population 一词,用作整体时,谓语动词用单数,用其部分做主语时,谓语动词形式用复数。
Ten percent of the apples were bad .
The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70%of the population are peasants .
四、特别注意以下八点
1、当主语中包括with,along with,as well as,together with,besides,except,but,including等时,谓语单复数由这些词之前的人物决定。如:
A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
2、many a+单数名词作主语,意义虽为“许多”,但谓语要用单数形式。more than one +单数名词(不止一……)作主语,尽管意思是复数,但谓语动词还是用单数。
注意: “more than +基数词+复数名词”结构或“more +复数名词+ than one做主语时,谓语用复数。
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More than twenty students are playing football on the playground.
More members than one are against your plan.
3、what引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语用单数形式。
如:What they said is right.(他们所说的是正确的。)
4、在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
注意:在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中,从句谓语的单复数取决 于one前是否有the (only)、the very。如果有,从句的谓语动词用单数,如没有the only, 就用复数形式。
He was the only one of the students who was late for school.
5、a number of作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;the number of作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:A number of people are trying to learn English. (很多人在努力学英语。)
6、动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语时作单数处理。
To see you is very glad .
Seeing is believing .
7、由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时,谓语动词都用单数。
8、“one or two +复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数。
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