“英语”完整讲义(一)
III.课文精讲
第一部分
Para.1
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
1.made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语
courses of action 行动方针
that are available 是定语从句，修饰概念短语“行动方针”
2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
此句是由that引导的表语从句，表语从句由a problem exist； goals of objectives are wrong；
及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三个并列句构成。
The reason for … is that 是一个常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that
they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。
The reason why … 是另外一个常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个。
Para.2
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions， indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight； at other times they are serious.
3.a manager does是省略that的定语从句，修饰先行词everything
当先行词为everything， something， anything， nothing等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用which，此句的后半部分 some suggest that …… 是宾语从句suggest v. 认为，提出，建议（其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气）
4.although conj.“虽然，尽管”引导让步状语从句
例如：Although my car is very old，it still runs very well .
虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍然跑得很好。
require vt. 要求，需要后边由that引导一个宾语从句
5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions.
make a best guess at 作出最佳猜测，at 表示动作或行为的方向和目标，如：look at （看），aim at （瞄准，目的是），throw （a stone） at （向…掷石头），shoot at （射击），laugh at （嘲笑）
本句中what the future will be 是一个介词宾语从句，（作介词at 的宾语）；
to leave sth. to chance “凭运气，听任命运的安排，听其自然发展”
“as + 形容词（或副词）+ as possible”意思是“尽可能地…；尽量”。
as little as possible 尽可能少
I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我尽量地表示友好。
Come as quickly as possible. 尽快来。
since uncertainty is always there 是一个原因状语从句。
risk accompanies decisions .风险伴随着决策
6.sometimes … at other times 有时… ，而有时则 …
a poor decision 一个不良决策
第二部分
Para.3
Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
7.“选择”三个词的区别：
alternative adj.两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的，n.替代物
choice 选自己喜欢的，挑出，选出
select 选出最好的，筛选、精选
8.由 if 引导的条件状语从句，主句中的不定式被动态 to be made作定语，修饰decision
9.range n. 范围 a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围
10.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like.
本句中based on 是一个过去分词作定语修饰constraints.
be based on 表示“建立在…基础上
例：The book is based on a true story. 这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的。
He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. 他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图，而不是基于猜测和想象。
and the like 意思是“等等（之类的东西）”。
例：He studied painting， music， English and the like. 他学习了绘画、音乐、英语等等。
11.at all levels “在各个层次”
Para.4
Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives， there is no choice and， therefore， no decision. If no alternatives are seen， often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
12.from which 引导定语从句，修饰 courses of action 行动方针
13.a thorough job of examining 一个彻底的考察工作
a thorough job是主语，of examining the problems 修饰job，has not been done是句子的谓语。
thorough a. 彻底的
through prep. 通过，穿过
though conj. 虽然，尽管（同although ）
thought n. 思想
14.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion ：
either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者择一”。
例：We fight， or we don"t —— it"s an either/or decision.
我们战斗或不战斗-这是二者择一的决定。
第三部分
Para.5
At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
15.At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
在as well as 结构中，强调前者 limiting alternatives ，不强调后者
译为：作决策包括限定选择和识别选择，或者译成：不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定选择（除了包括识别选择外还有限定选择）
practically ad. 实际上，事实上（在口语中译为，几乎，简直）在本文中是几乎的意思。例如：几乎是不可能practically impossible
Para.6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一个省略that或which的定语从句，修饰a state of affairs “事物的状态，事态”
to seek to do sth. 追求，争取，寻求，设法（去做某事）
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引导了原因状语从句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介词宾语从句。
18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
两个that引导的都是定语从句，修饰decisions
less than 在此做状语，表示否定的含义， less than optimal “不太理想”
例如：This job is less than perfect. 这份工作不十分理想（完美）。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
that引导定语从句，修饰trade-off “权衡”
increases 和 decreases 是定语从句的并列谓语
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
Because 引导的原因状语从句中，有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。
例：The percentage varies from person to person. （税收的）比例因人而异。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面对
过去分词短语前面加上when作时间状语。
为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。（详见语法要点）
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people"s values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 基于，取决于
in part 部分地，在某种程度上
对于多项目标的排序和重要性，部分地基于决策者的价值观。
24.different people"s values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
两个about都是介词短语作定语，修饰前边的名词
不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观，导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 认为，假定，设想 that 引导宾语从句
made today 过去分词短语作定语，“今天作出的决策”
far into the future 形容词短语作定语，“对将来有深远的影响”
27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
the skilled manager “一个干练的管理者，一个有经验的管理者”
current a. 当前的，现时的 n. 流，水流，电流，气流
一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果。
附：重点句
1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三个表语从句并列（第一段）
2.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. 主从复合句（第二段）
3.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. （第三段）
4.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion；（第四段）
5.Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主从复合句（第六段）
6.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization. （第六段）
7.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. （第七段）
8.When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on. （第七段）
Text BSecrets of Success at an Interview
I.New Words
title分析：Secrets：秘密 success n. 成功 succeed v.
interview vt./n. 面谈，采访；面试，口试
criticism n. 批评；评论
candidate n. 候选人，候补者；应试者
vague a. 含糊的；不明确的
notion n. 概念；想法，看法
prospect n. 展望，景象；前景，前程
community n. 社区；共同体
unattractive a. 无吸引力的；不引人注意的
indifference n. 冷漠；不感兴趣
interviewer n. 接见者；面谈者
personality n. 个性；人格；品格
prospective a. 预期的；未来的
speechless a. 不会说话的；不说话的
clarification n. 澄清，阐明
correspondence n. 符合，一致；通信
photocopy vt./n. 复印，影印；照相复制本
resume n. 摘要，梗概；个人简历
inefficiency n. 无效；效能差
neat a. 整洁的；简洁的；整齐的
conservative a. 保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的
punk n. （俚）阿飞；朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派）
a.颓废派的
miniskirt n. 超短裙
panel n. 专门小组
intimidate vt. 恐吓，恫吓
clutch vt./vi. 抓住，握紧
grip vt./n. 紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制
painful a. 痛苦的；费力的
rephrase vt. 重新措辞，改用别的话表示
词组：
to apply for 申请
day to day （=day-to-day） work 日常工作
to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力
to put oneself in somebody"s place 设身处地
to one"s advantage 对某人有利
to ask for 请求，向…要；寻找
in hand 手头上有
to make sure 查明，弄确实；确信
at a disadvantage 处于不利地位
to turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下
重点词汇词组讲解：
1.interview ： vt./n. 面谈，采访
派生词： interviewer（采访者）， interviewee（被采访者）， view （观点、见解）/风景）， interview（面试/采访）， preview（预习）， review （复习）
2.Criticism ： n. 批评；评论
派生词：Criticize v. 批评；critical a. 挑剔的；批评的；关键的
3.prospect n. 展望，景象，前景
There"s not much prospect that the war will be over soon. 这场战争很快结束的可能性不大。
4.indifference ： n.冷漠，不感兴趣
派生词：indifferent a. 冷漠的；不感兴趣的。
用法：indifference to 对…。冷漠
5.inefficiency ： n. 无效，效能差
派生词：efficient a. 有效率的；efficiency n. 效率
6.neat a. 整洁的，简洁的，整齐的
You have got such neat handwriting . 你的书写真工整。
7.conservative a. 保存的，保守的，防腐的
I tend to be rather conservative in such matters . 我在这些事情方面向来比较保守。
8.grip v. 紧握，紧夹，掌握，控制
grip She gripped my hand in fear. 她因害怕紧抓住我的手。
相关的同义词：
seize He seized my hand ， shook it . 他抓住我的手，握着。（握手）
grab He grabbed the money and ran off . 他（急速）抓过钱就跑了。（逃之夭夭）
grasp Grasp the rope with both hands. 用双手抓牢绳索。
hold He was holding a knife in one hand. 他一只手抓着（握着）一把刀子。
catch The child caught a bird . 孩子捉了只鸟。
arrest The police arrested a criminal . 警察抓了个罪犯。
9.to apply for 申请
I decided to apply for it . 我决定去申请。
26.An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.
an ongoing entity “一个发展中的实体，一个运作中的单位”
10.take the trouble to ：不辞劳苦，
用法：take the trouble to
Some employees have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.有些雇员从来不下工夫去弄清楚要求他们去从事的实际任务。
11.to turn down ：拒绝
He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down . 他要简嫁给他，但她拒绝了他。
相关词组：
turn up 出现； turn on 打开；turn off 拐弯，关上；turn out 结果是，最后证明是，制造；
II.课文解析
注：课文中「」内的句子为重点句。
The subject of today"s talk is interviews.
「The key words here are preparation and confidence， which will carry you far.」
重点句子分析：which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence. 注意此处不可用that代替which
carry you far 意为“祝你成功”
Do your homework first.
「Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.」
重点句子分析：此句中有三个定语从句，（下边画线的）分别修饰all， the job 和 the organization .
注意后两句中的 for 不能省略
Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. “They hare no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of "furthering the company"s prospects" or o f "serving the community"， but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”
Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.
Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer"s place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.
「Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.」
重点句子分析：that引导的定语从句修饰anything
who 引导的定语从句修饰 people.也可以写作for whom you hope to work
译为“你希望为其工作的人
to show 是不定式作目的状语，其中有一个that引导的宾语从句，作动词show的宾语
Write down （and remember） the questions you want to ask the interviewer（s） so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview， reply： “In fact， I did have several questions， but you have already answered them all .”
「Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied. but do be polite.」
重点句子分析：be sure 肯定，确信
do be polite 是强调语气。例如：Do be careful！
Just before you go to the interview， look again at the original advertisement that you answered， any correspondence from your prospective employer， photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.
Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.
Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building （but not inside the office） a day or two before， if necessary， to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.
Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview， then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic of you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.
「Dress in clean， neat， conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or （girl） to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts.」Make sure that your shoes， hands and hair （and teeth） are clean and neat.
重点句子分析：Now 在句中做主语
the punk look 意为“朋克的样子”
「Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.」
重点句子分析：这是个祈使句，inviting you for an interview 是现在分词作定语，修饰the letter
in case 引导条件状语从句，译为：“以防万一，以免”
You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating， but do not let it worry you too much.
The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.
If you have a bag or a case， put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or， worse still， drop it， spilling everything.
Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.
Shake hands firmly－ a weak hand suggests a weak personality， and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.
Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions.
If you cannot understand ask： “Would you mind rephrasing the question， please？” The question will then be repeated in different words.
If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot， ask： “when may I expect to hear the results of this interview？”
If you do receive a letter offering you the job， you must reply by letter （keep a photocopy） as soon as possible.
Good luck ！
语法As的用法
I.语法
1.AS的用法
（1）用作介词时的基本词义，“作为，担任”，“像，似”。
介词短语在句子中可担任的成分：状语、定语、宾语补语和表语
（2）用作副词表示程度，as … as … 结构中
（3）用作连词，引导状语从句（比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句）
（4）用作关系代词，引导定语从句，
（5）As用于常用习语中
2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别
分词作定语：
过去分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示被动、已经完成。
现在分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示主动、正在进行。
单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前，但也有例外。
例如 an extended family 一个扩展了的家庭 / a singing girl 一个唱歌的女孩
a developed country 发达国家 / a developing country 发展中国家
the people concerned 有关人员
分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后，例如：
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action.
Have the letter inviting you for an interview …
现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动，区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为，而后者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为。
例如： The problem being discussed is important. 正在讨论的这个问题很重要。
The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天讨论的那个问题很重要。
现在分词的完成主动式，表示动作已经完成。having done
现在分词的完成被动式，表示动作已经被完成。the decision having been made
不定式作定语
不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后。例如：We have plenty of work to do.
一般来讲，不定式作定语时，表示动作将要发生。另外，还要注意的是不定式有三种时态，也有被动态。
3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语
为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when， while， even if， even though， unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。
例如：
When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.
当面对同一件事例时，销售经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理看到生产问题，等等。
Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.
如果听任事实泛滥不加检测，那是可怕的事。
Don"t leave the building unless instructed to do so.
除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。
II.练习
1.单词英译汉
goal， objective， accomplish， predict， accompany， implement， tendency， achievement， argue， budget， define， entity，
2.词组英译汉
in the way， in part， point of view， contribute to， to apply for， in hand， to turn down
3.句子英译汉
（1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
（2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.
（3）If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made.
（4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics， procedures， laws， precedents and the like.
（5）For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
（6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
（7）In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
（8）Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
4.Text A 汉译英
决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。
If there is no proper choice， there is no proper decision.
不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。
Different people have different ideas about the same problem； their solutions to the problem are， therefore， also different.
决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company"s business development.
历年考题
1.Almost everything a manager does______（involve） decisions. Indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （99.4）
答案是involves. 考点： involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。a manager does为省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰先行词everything.
2.If there is no choice， there is no decision______（make）。（99.4）
答案是to be made .考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.
3.Almost everything a manager does______decisions； indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （00.4）
A. imposes
B. improvise
C. involves
D. indicates
答案为C.
4.I have no idea what"s standing______accomplishing our goals and objectives.
（ 03.10）
A.in the way of
B.by way of
C.on the way of
D. in one"s way of
答案为A
5.For managers， every decision has constraints_____（base） on policies， procedures， laws. （03.04）（04.10）
答案为 based，考点：过去分词短语作后置定语
6.When _____（present） with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.（02.10）
答案为presented. 考点： present 是过去分词短语作时间状语。
7.An organization is a group of people， and a decision______（make） today may have consequences far into the future. （02.10）
答案是made. 考点：make 是过去分词作定语，修饰decision.
8.汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。
答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.
