一、感叹句
用来表达喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。感叹句一般用what或how引导，句末用感叹号。what修饰名词，how修饰形容词或副词。
1. what引导的感叹句:
1) What + a/ an + adj.+ 可数单数(+主谓语)!
e.g. What a brave boy (Tom is)!
What an excellent idea (it is)!
2) What + adj.+ 可数名词复数(+主谓语)!
e.g. What beautiful pictures (they are)!
3) What + adj.+ 不可数名词(+主谓语)!
e.g. What delicious food (it is)!
2. how引导的感叹句：
How +adj. / adv. + 主语 + 谓语!
e.g. How happy the children were!
How carefully he is reading!
注意：一般情况下，以what和how开头的感叹句可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。
e.g. What a tall building it is! = How tall the building is!
Exercises:
Ⅰ. 根据句意选出恰当的一项填空。
1. ______ (What / What a) delicious chicken we are having!
2. ______ (What / How) warm it is in the classroom!
3. ______ (What / What a) nice shirt you bought!
4. _____ (What / How) fast the young man is walking!
Answers: What, How, What a, How
二、 It是形式主语， to help parents to do something 是真正主语。类似句型有：
1. It is + n.+ to do sth.
2. It is + adj.(for sb.) to do sth.
3. It takes (sb.) sometime + to do sth.
e.g. It is not a good habit to get up late. 赖床不是一个好习惯。
It is very important for young people to learn English well.
对于年轻人来说，学好英语是很重要的。
It took the workers almost two years to finish the building.
工人们花了几乎三年的时间完成这一建筑。
三、一般过去时被动语态
一般过去时被动语态的结构为“主语+ was /were +及物动词的过去分词 (+by+动作的执行者).”。如：
Trees were planted last spring.
去年春天种了树。
1. 肯定句：
主语 + was/were +及物动词的过去分词 + 其他.
Paper was invented by Chinese people two thousand years ago.
纸是中国人在二千多年前发明的。
2. 否定句：
主语 + was/were not +及物动词的过去分词 + 其他.
Women were not allowed to take part in the games at first.
开始妇女不允许参加奥运会。
3. 一般疑问句：
Was/Were +主语 +及物动词的过去分词 + 其他?
Were these pictures drawn by your sister?
这些图片是由你妹妹画的吗？
四、被动语态的用法：
1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
e.g. English is spoken all over the world. 全世界都在说英语。
2. 需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
e.g. This dictionary is used by most students.
这本字典是大多数学生在用的。
五、主动语态变被动语态应注意的问题
1. 有些短语动词相当于及物动词，变为被动句时介词或副词不能去掉。
They put off the meeting because of the weather.
The meeting was put off because of the weather.
会议因天气的缘故被推迟了。
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句时，通常把指“人”的间接宾语变为主语，指“物”的直接宾语保留不变；如果把指物”的直接宾语变为主语，则在间接宾语前加to或for。
My aunt gave me an e-dictionary yesterday.
I was given an e-dictionary yesterday.
An e-dictionary was given to me yesterday.
3. 主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let/have等后跟省略to
的动词不定式，变为被动语态时应加上不定式符号to。
I saw a heavy man enter the house.
A heavy man was seen to enter the house.
4. 系动词、不及物动词或某些短语动词（happen, take place, come true, fall asleep…）没有被动语态。
What happened to Mr. Brown?
布朗先生发生了什么事？
