初高中语法

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教学内容

可数名词复数形式以及名词的数

【新授课知识讲解】

名词的数

第一部分 名词的定义及分类

第二部分 可数名词的复数形式

第三部分 不可数名词的数

第四部分 可数与不可数的修饰语

第一部分名词的定义及分类

名词的定义

名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。名词是一种实词，在句中可单独充当多种句子成分。

知识扩展：

实词指有实在意义，能够单独充当句子成分，一般能单独回答问题的词语。而不能单独充当句子成分的词叫虚词。

名词的分类

（一）名词就其词汇意义来说，可以分为两大类：专有名词和普通名词；

专有名词：表示人、地点、机构、组织、节日、杂志、山、江河和湖海等专有名词。多为独一无二的事物，通常为不可数名词。通常首字母要大写。

Lucy, Asia, Mother’s Day, Mount Tai, the Changjiang River/Yangtze River, the West Lake等。

普通名词：表示一类人或事物共有的名称，或表示物质名称和抽象概念的名称。

从普通名词的定义中可以看出其分为四类：

个体名词：表示一类人或事物的个体。

书 book 学生 student 篮球 basketball 汽车 car 城市 city 河流 river

集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体。

班级 class 家庭 family 人 people 队 team 听众 audience 警察 police 衣服 clothes

物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物名词。

纸 paper 水 water 牛奶 milk 雪 snow 面包 bread 肉 meat

抽象名词：表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其他抽象概念。

爱 love 娱乐 fun 美貌 beauty 信息 information 建议 advice 健康 health 运气 luck

（二）名词就其可数性来说，也可以分为两大类：可数名词和不可数名词；

一般说来，其中个体名词与集体名词可以用数目来计算，属于可数名词；而物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，属于不可数名词。但要注意英语中的名词可数性与汉语不完全一样，学习中要多用英语思维及习惯考虑问题。

【课堂回顾】

我们可以用一表格来直观的总结下名词分类及其可数性：

可数与不可数是名词最基本的类别。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

名词单数就是该词本身，可在其前面加a或an。 之前就提到了英汉语法差异中：名词原形不要随便用。使用名词时，要考虑其前是否需要修饰语；其词尾是否需要复数形式。

1）单数： 如a desk（一张桌子） an old desk（一张旧书桌）

2）复数：要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式。 two old desks （两张旧书桌）

如：

（1）a school（单数）→two schools（复数）（2）one city（单数）→two cities（复数）

通过上述两个例子，能够看出可数名词的复数形式是在原形的基础上加以变化。

第二部分可数名词的复数形式

本部分共分四小节：（学习重点和考点）

第一小节 规则复数形式

第二小节 不规则复数形式

第三小节 复合名词的复数形式

第四小节 集体名词的复数形式

第一小节规则复数形式

1）一般情况下在名词词尾加-s：

如book--books（书）desk--desks（书桌）

【课堂训练】

将下列单数名词变成复数形式：

【典型例题】

( )1. There is no ______ in the plate.

A. apples B. oranges C. rice D. eggs

疯狂提醒：名词单复数往往与主谓一致一起考查！

复数名词谓语动词需要原形，不可数名词谓语动词单数第三人称形式。

( )2 .The teacher said we needed to choose three ______ for the school concert.

A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers

【课堂训练】

单项选择：

1. I have made ____ with Billy. A. friends B. friend C. a friend D. the friend

2. Mr. Li shook ____ warmly with a friend. A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands

3. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.

A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs

4. We all know that ______speak louder than words.

A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions

5. We know ____ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound

6.Let’s change _____. A. seat B. a seat C. seats D. the seat

7.I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.

A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges

8.–Would you like _____ coffee?-No, thanks. I’ve drunk two __.

A. any; bottles of orange B. little; bottle of oranges C. some; bottles of orange D. a few; bottle of orange

9.Those white socks ____ small. A: are B: is C: am D: do

10.How many _____do they have? A: picture B: pictures C: a picture D: picturees

11. There are six ____in the room. A: volleyball B: volleyballs C: a volleyball D: volleyballes

12.Tom and Jim are ___. A: friends B: friend C: brother D: sister

13. Are those your ____? A: bookes B: boxs C: apples D: apple

14. There is ____in our room.

A: a picture and five maps B: five maps and a picture C: two pictures and five maps D: two picture and five map

15. This is an old photo of mine when I _______.

A. have short hairs B. had short hairs C. have short hair D. had short hair

16. We know ____ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound

2）以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es

疯狂提醒：以音素[s] [z][ t] [d] [] ，结尾的名词构成复数时，在词尾加- es

如box--boxes（盒子）bus--buses(公共汽车) watch- watches （手表）

【课堂训练】

将下列单数名词变成复数形式：

注：1）以 th 结尾加-s, month—months, truth-truths, mouth-mouths, path-paths,

2）stomach 【"stmk】

知识拓展：cloth和clothes

【典型例题】

1. ____are made of ____.

A. A glass, a glass B. Glasses, glass C. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glasses

2._____ is made of _____.

A. Glass; glass B. A glass; glass C. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses

【课堂训练】

单项选择：

1. The cow has four ____.

A. stomaches B. a stomach C. stomach D. stomachs

2. Three months ________ a long time for me. A. is B. are C. have D. has

3. There are ______ and ______ on the table.

A. two boxes cake; four bottle of oranges B. two boxes cake; four bottle of orange

C. two boxes of cakes; four bottles of orange D. two box of cakes; four bottles of oranges

知识扩展：

1.表示“糕饼”“蛋糕”等，视为物质名词，不可数；但若指一个完整的蛋糕或指切成一块块的蛋糕，则可数。有时由于说话者的着眼点不同，以上两种用法都是可能的。如：

Please have some cake. 请吃点儿蛋糕。

There’s some cake in the kitchen. 厨房里还有些蛋糕。

I’d like a cake. A big one with lots of cream. 我想要一块蛋糕，一块带很多奶油的大蛋糕。

2.a piece of cake 的基本义是“一块蛋糕”，但在口语中可引申表示“十分容易”“小菜一碟”。该习语中的 cake 通常是不可数的。如：

Please cut me a piece of cake. 请给我切一块蛋糕。The exam paper was a piece of cake. 那份试卷十分容易。

3)以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加- es。

如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家)

【课堂训练】

将下列单数名词变成复数形式：

注：英语中有很多单词是以元音字母+y结尾的名词，直接+s。

【课堂训练】

将下列单数名词变成复数形式：

【典型例题】

1. They come from different ______

A. country B. countries C. a country D. countrys

2. I can see three ________ in the zoo. A the monkeys B monkeys C monkey D monkeies

3.Where are his ____? ___the dresser.

A :keys ,They are on B: key, They are on C: keys, It is at D: key, It is in

【课堂训练】

单项选择：

1.Mr. Smith goes to church on _______.

A. a Sunday B. Sundays C. the Sunday D. the Sundays

2.These _____ are playing with these ______.

A. babys, monkeys B. babies, monkeis C. babies, monkeys D. babys, monkies

3.Tom is one of the Chinese _____ in our school. A. boyB. boysC. boies D the boy

4. The _____ has two______. A. boy; watch B. boy; watchesC. boys; watch D. boies; watches

5. Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country. A city B city"s C citys D cities

4)以f或fe结尾，复数变f或fe 为v再加-es

如knife-knives(刀) , half-halves(一半)

歌谣：妻子拿刀去砍狼，树叶半数自己黄，架后盗贼逃命忙。

【课堂训练】

将下列单数名词变成复数形式：

知识拓展：

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself.

注意:有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs (屋顶)

【课堂训练】

注：handkerchief两种变化都行。

【典型例题】

1.There are some ______ in these _______.

A. knifes pencil-boxes B. knives pencil-box

C. knives pencil-box D. knives pencil-boxes

2. The ____ of the room were covered with ____.

A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves

【课堂训练】

1.When autumn comes, ______ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.

A. leaf B. leafs C. leave D. leaves

2. How many ________ were lost in the fire?

A．life B．lives C．lifes D a life

3. How many ____ did you have for breakfast?

A. loaves of bread B. loaves of breads C. loafs of bread D. loaf of bread

5)以o结尾的名词：

除了常见的hero, negro, tomato, potato在词尾加-es外，其他加-s。

歌谣：黑人英雄爱吃马铃薯和西红柿。

注意zero 两种方式都可：zero-zeros或 zeroes(零)

【课堂训练】

将下列单数名词变成复数形式：

【典型例题】

1. We had many _______ taken on the Great Wall.

A. photos B. a photo C. photo D. pieces of photos

2. How many ______ do you see in the picture?

A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomato

【课堂训练】

单项选择：

1. _______ like eating________.

A. Heroes, potatos B. Negroes, potatoes C. Heros, potatos D. Negros, potatoes

2. Which do you prefer, ____ or ____?

A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes

3. They got much _____ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories

4. On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato

【课堂回顾】

可数名词复数的规则变化

可数名词复数的不规则变化

【巩固训练】

将下列单数名词变成复数形式：

1．book ___________________ 2.duck ___________________3.house ___________________

4.orange ___________________5.class ___________________ 6.table ___________________

7.watch ___________________ 8.bus ___________________9.city ___________________

10.factory ___________________11.country ___________________ 12.family ___________________

13.hero ___________________ 14.potato ___________________15.tomato ___________________

16.photo ___________________17.piano ___________________ 18.knife ___________________

19.leaf ___________________ 20.pen ___________________ 21.fish ___________________

22.tree__________ 23.lesson__________________ 24.class ___________________

25.month__________ 26.apple__________ 27. shirt__________

28.box__________ 29.brush__________ 30.fox__________

31.knife__________ 32.life __________ 33.leaf__________

34.day__________ 35.boy __________ 36.monkey__________

37.baby__________ 38. country_________ 39. story__________

40.radio __________ 41.tomato__________ 42.university__________

填入所给名词的正确形式

1. I have two____________ (knife)

2. There are many ___________ here. (box)

3. There are many ___________ on the road. (bus)

4. A few ___________ are drawing on the wall. (boy)

5. Please take two _______________ for me. (photo)

6. I like this red ________________.(tomato)

7. Do you want some _________? (milk)

8.There are three_____________(chair) in the classroom.

9. These_____________ (tomato) are red.

10. My brother looks after two_____________ (baby)

11. My father likes to eat_____________ (potato).

12. I have a lot of _____________ (toy) in my bedroom.

13. My mother wash_____________ (dish) in the kitchen.

14. I have two_____________ (pencil-box).

15. There are some_____________ (bus)in the street.

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